Administrative System: Most of the Delhi Sultans were dictatorial rulers. They were also the commanders of the army and chief justices too. The administration was in accordance to Quran. Sardars, Ameers and Ulemas had considerable influence over the administration. The central government had departments like Defence, Foreign Affairs, Postal, Charity and Endowment for effective administration. These departments were headed by ministers and officials. The kingdom was divided into many provinces. These administrative divisions were headed by Shikdhar, Amin and Chowkidhars. The collection of revenue, maintenance of law and order, providing education facilities and ensuring cleanliness were the main roles of these officials.
Kharaj (land tax), Zakaht, Ushru, Khums (tax on the wealthplundered during battles), Jiziya, tax on property without heirs,import duty, house tax were the main source of income duringSultan’s rule. There were officials for the collection of taxes. Qazis aided the Sultan in dispensing justice in provinces and towns.
Social System: During the rule of Sultans, the Muslim and the Hindu communities had their traditional customs and faiths. The Hindu Bhakti saints and the Sufi saints of Muslim communitiesushered in social changes into the old social system. In the beginning of Sultan’s rule, only Turk Sardars were appointed to the higheradministrative positions. Later on their influence waned. Duringthe reign of Khilji and Tughlaq local people who had converted into Islamhad more opportunities. Particularly, the educated of the servingcommunities and Hindus got higher postings. Hence, the ruling class of this time got introduced into the Indian way of dressing, beverages, food and music and cultural aspects also. Hindus were appointed as associate officers and clerks in revenue department.
Slavery was in practice. War prisoners were named as slave. There were many women slaves in palace. The status of women was not healthy. Paradha system and child marriage were in practice. Women from higher social classes participated in fine arts. The rural women participated in agriculture and house hold activities.
Economic Situation: The Sultans brought in major changes in the areas of agriculture. The old system of tax fixation and revenue collection was changed. The mandatory payment of tax by both the rich farmer and the poor farmer was the main feature of the revenue policy adopted during the rule of Sultans.
The transport and communication were improved. Roads were built all across from Gujarath to Bengal. The foreign merchants visited all the small and big markets of medieval India and some settled here also. This provided a lot of impetus to craftsmen. The Indian artecrafts entered the European markets. The Sultans and the prominent businessmen were running factories of Gold and Silver ornaments and silk looms.
Literature: Many foreign authors and historians were under the royal patronage of Sultans. Their writings are in Persian and Arabic languages. A famous scholar named Alberuni was in the court of Mohammed Ghori. He was a philosopher, mathematician and also a writer. He wrote a book ‘Kitabh-Ul-Hind’ on the social, political, economic and religious aspects of India. Hassan Nijami wrote ‘Tajul Masir’. Minhaj-us-Siraj worte ‘Tabakhal-e-nasiri’. Amir Khusru wrote six books and provided details about Hindu and Muslim culture. He is called as the ‘Indian Parrot’. Zaiuddin Barani wrote ‘Tariq-e-Frizeshani’ and Firoze Tughlaq wrote ‘Futuhat-e-Firozeshahi’.
Art and Architecture: The Delhi Sultans introduced a new style of architecture known as ‘Indo-Islamic’ architecture. Arches, domes and minarets are the main features of this style. The Delhi Sultans built forts, Mosques, palaces, public buildings, madrasas and Dharmashalas. Qutub minar, Quvat-Ul-Islam mosque, Allai Dharavaja, Juwait Khana mosque are the few examples of Indo-Islamic style.
Khuwat-ul-IslamAlai Darwaza
Kharaj (land tax), Zakaht, Ushru, Khums (tax on the wealthplundered during battles), Jiziya, tax on property without heirs,import duty, house tax were the main source of income duringSultan’s rule. There were officials for the collection of taxes. Qazis aided the Sultan in dispensing justice in provinces and towns.
Social System: During the rule of Sultans, the Muslim and the Hindu communities had their traditional customs and faiths. The Hindu Bhakti saints and the Sufi saints of Muslim communitiesushered in social changes into the old social system. In the beginning of Sultan’s rule, only Turk Sardars were appointed to the higheradministrative positions. Later on their influence waned. Duringthe reign of Khilji and Tughlaq local people who had converted into Islamhad more opportunities. Particularly, the educated of the servingcommunities and Hindus got higher postings. Hence, the ruling class of this time got introduced into the Indian way of dressing, beverages, food and music and cultural aspects also. Hindus were appointed as associate officers and clerks in revenue department.
Slavery was in practice. War prisoners were named as slave. There were many women slaves in palace. The status of women was not healthy. Paradha system and child marriage were in practice. Women from higher social classes participated in fine arts. The rural women participated in agriculture and house hold activities.
Economic Situation: The Sultans brought in major changes in the areas of agriculture. The old system of tax fixation and revenue collection was changed. The mandatory payment of tax by both the rich farmer and the poor farmer was the main feature of the revenue policy adopted during the rule of Sultans.
The transport and communication were improved. Roads were built all across from Gujarath to Bengal. The foreign merchants visited all the small and big markets of medieval India and some settled here also. This provided a lot of impetus to craftsmen. The Indian artecrafts entered the European markets. The Sultans and the prominent businessmen were running factories of Gold and Silver ornaments and silk looms.
Literature: Many foreign authors and historians were under the royal patronage of Sultans. Their writings are in Persian and Arabic languages. A famous scholar named Alberuni was in the court of Mohammed Ghori. He was a philosopher, mathematician and also a writer. He wrote a book ‘Kitabh-Ul-Hind’ on the social, political, economic and religious aspects of India. Hassan Nijami wrote ‘Tajul Masir’. Minhaj-us-Siraj worte ‘Tabakhal-e-nasiri’. Amir Khusru wrote six books and provided details about Hindu and Muslim culture. He is called as the ‘Indian Parrot’. Zaiuddin Barani wrote ‘Tariq-e-Frizeshani’ and Firoze Tughlaq wrote ‘Futuhat-e-Firozeshahi’.
Art and Architecture: The Delhi Sultans introduced a new style of architecture known as ‘Indo-Islamic’ architecture. Arches, domes and minarets are the main features of this style. The Delhi Sultans built forts, Mosques, palaces, public buildings, madrasas and Dharmashalas. Qutub minar, Quvat-Ul-Islam mosque, Allai Dharavaja, Juwait Khana mosque are the few examples of Indo-Islamic style.
Khuwat-ul-IslamAlai Darwaza
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