With the departure of Mohammed, his slaves startedstrengthening their rule in the areas conquered by the Turks.Qutubuddin Aibak, a slave who was very close to Mohammed andenjoyed his confidence, made Delhi, the erstwhile capital of Chouhans, as his centre of administration. The other military generals of Turks who had remained in India accepted Qutubuddin Aibak as their Sultan. Qutubuddin Aibak became the founder of Ghulam (slave)dynasty. The rule of Turk which started by Aibak was continued byKhilji, Tughalaq, Syed and Lodhi dynasties till the arrival of Moghuls.
GHULAM DYNASTY
All the people, who succeeded Mohammed Ghori in all theplaces conquered by him in India, were his slaves. Qutubuddin Aibakwho established Turks rule in Delhi was also a slave. His successorswere also slaves. Hence, their rule is termed as Ghulam dynastyrule. Apart from Aibak, Iltamush, Razia Sultana and Bulban areimportant in the Gulam Dynasty.
Qutubuddin Aibak
Qutub MinarDo you know this?Qutub Minar is the tallest tower in India. It is located in Delhi. The construction was started by Qutubbuddin Aibak and completed by Iltamush. It is 225 ft. in height with delicate carvings. There are 5 floors in the building with steps leading to them.
He laid the strongfoundation for the rule ofDelhi Sultans. Qutubbudinbelonged to a family ofAfghanistan Turks and was sold to a Khaji of Nishapur as slave by his guardians. Aibak received education in Arabic and Persian languages, and was also trained in archery, horse riding and soldering.Mohammed Ghori who wasthe governor of Ghaznipurchased him as his slave. Aibak attracted the attention of Mohammed Ghori by his bravery. He became theoverseer of attacks on India after the second battle of Terrain. He became the successor of Northern India during the period of Mohammed Ghori. He ruled independently after the death of Ghori.
Aibak built the Quwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi. He alsostarted building Qutub Minar there itself. Scholars like Nizami andPakh-e-Muddabbeer were in his court. A work named ‘Tajul Masir’ provides information on Aibak.
Iltamush
He belonged to ‘Ilbari’ family and was a slave to Qutubuddin. He was the administrator of Gwalior and became the successor of Aibak.
Ghazni’s king Tajuddin Yeldoj and Sindh’s NasiruddinKabacha could not tolerate the ascendance of Iltamush as the Sultan,revolted against him. Iltamush defeated them and thenconquered Ranathambore, Mandora, Gwalior, Bhilsa, Ajmer,Benares, and Kanauj. Mongolians invaded India for the first timeunder the leadership of Chengiz Khan. Iltamush made them toretreat successfully. These achievements of Iltamush made the Khalifof Bagdad to issue a letter ‘Bestowing Administrative Power’ to him.
Iltamush divided his kingdom into Iktas (provinces) andappointed Iktadhars (provincial officers) to run administration. He appointed a group of forty sardars to advise him in administrativeissues. The Prime Minister and Judges used to advise him.Iltamush brought gold and silver coins into circulation. He completed the construction of Qutub Minar which Qutubuddin had started to build during his time.
Razia Sultana
As Iltamush’s son Rukubuddin Feroz was incompetent, hisdaughter Razia Begum became his successor. She was the first woman to ascend throne of Delhi Sultanate. She earned the title of ‘Sultana’and participated in battles dressing as a man. She established herrule from Sindh to Bengal. The provincial officials, who were unableto tolerate her rule, revolted and killed her.
Ghiyas Uddin Balban
Balban was a slave of Iltamush and had been part of TurkishSlaves’ group due to his loyalty, intelligence, and good qualities. During the regime of Razia Sultana, he was appointed to the post of ‘Amir-e-Shikar’. The Turkish Sardars supported him during the political unrest that emerged after the death of Razia Sultana. Balban became the Sultan of Delhi.
After becoming the Sultan, Balban controlled the misrule of disobidient Turkish Sardars. He destroyed the Turkish Sardars evil group. He thwarted the Mongolian attack and ensured peace and order in his kingdom. He implemented various etiquettes and initiated various traditions in his court. He wore Persian style dresses. He declared himself as the representative of the God and enforced absolute monarchy. He rebuilt his army with the support of able military generals. In order to repel Mongolians attack he built forts along the border of north westernIndia. The efficient administrator Balbuddin was succeeded byQaiqubad. He was murdered by his own wazir (minister). With this,the slave dynasty ended.
GHULAM DYNASTY
All the people, who succeeded Mohammed Ghori in all theplaces conquered by him in India, were his slaves. Qutubuddin Aibakwho established Turks rule in Delhi was also a slave. His successorswere also slaves. Hence, their rule is termed as Ghulam dynastyrule. Apart from Aibak, Iltamush, Razia Sultana and Bulban areimportant in the Gulam Dynasty.
Qutubuddin Aibak
Qutub MinarDo you know this?Qutub Minar is the tallest tower in India. It is located in Delhi. The construction was started by Qutubbuddin Aibak and completed by Iltamush. It is 225 ft. in height with delicate carvings. There are 5 floors in the building with steps leading to them.
He laid the strongfoundation for the rule ofDelhi Sultans. Qutubbudinbelonged to a family ofAfghanistan Turks and was sold to a Khaji of Nishapur as slave by his guardians. Aibak received education in Arabic and Persian languages, and was also trained in archery, horse riding and soldering.Mohammed Ghori who wasthe governor of Ghaznipurchased him as his slave. Aibak attracted the attention of Mohammed Ghori by his bravery. He became theoverseer of attacks on India after the second battle of Terrain. He became the successor of Northern India during the period of Mohammed Ghori. He ruled independently after the death of Ghori.
Aibak built the Quwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi. He alsostarted building Qutub Minar there itself. Scholars like Nizami andPakh-e-Muddabbeer were in his court. A work named ‘Tajul Masir’ provides information on Aibak.
Iltamush
He belonged to ‘Ilbari’ family and was a slave to Qutubuddin. He was the administrator of Gwalior and became the successor of Aibak.
Ghazni’s king Tajuddin Yeldoj and Sindh’s NasiruddinKabacha could not tolerate the ascendance of Iltamush as the Sultan,revolted against him. Iltamush defeated them and thenconquered Ranathambore, Mandora, Gwalior, Bhilsa, Ajmer,Benares, and Kanauj. Mongolians invaded India for the first timeunder the leadership of Chengiz Khan. Iltamush made them toretreat successfully. These achievements of Iltamush made the Khalifof Bagdad to issue a letter ‘Bestowing Administrative Power’ to him.
Iltamush divided his kingdom into Iktas (provinces) andappointed Iktadhars (provincial officers) to run administration. He appointed a group of forty sardars to advise him in administrativeissues. The Prime Minister and Judges used to advise him.Iltamush brought gold and silver coins into circulation. He completed the construction of Qutub Minar which Qutubuddin had started to build during his time.
Razia Sultana
As Iltamush’s son Rukubuddin Feroz was incompetent, hisdaughter Razia Begum became his successor. She was the first woman to ascend throne of Delhi Sultanate. She earned the title of ‘Sultana’and participated in battles dressing as a man. She established herrule from Sindh to Bengal. The provincial officials, who were unableto tolerate her rule, revolted and killed her.
Ghiyas Uddin Balban
Balban was a slave of Iltamush and had been part of TurkishSlaves’ group due to his loyalty, intelligence, and good qualities. During the regime of Razia Sultana, he was appointed to the post of ‘Amir-e-Shikar’. The Turkish Sardars supported him during the political unrest that emerged after the death of Razia Sultana. Balban became the Sultan of Delhi.
After becoming the Sultan, Balban controlled the misrule of disobidient Turkish Sardars. He destroyed the Turkish Sardars evil group. He thwarted the Mongolian attack and ensured peace and order in his kingdom. He implemented various etiquettes and initiated various traditions in his court. He wore Persian style dresses. He declared himself as the representative of the God and enforced absolute monarchy. He rebuilt his army with the support of able military generals. In order to repel Mongolians attack he built forts along the border of north westernIndia. The efficient administrator Balbuddin was succeeded byQaiqubad. He was murdered by his own wazir (minister). With this,the slave dynasty ended.
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